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Introduction: Our study compares the emotional impact of the first month of the lockdown on teachers and students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, focusing on the variables of generalized anxiety, emotions, and perceived threat. Method: A non experimental design was applied, the sample consists of 452 participants (teachers = 188, young adult students = 264. Correlation analyses, a between-group design and effect size were carried out. Results: The results indicated that in crises or emergencies such as COVID-19, teachers and students have different emotional reactions. Students showed more generalized anxiety symptoms, more negative emotions, and fewer positive emotions. Teachers showed a higher degree of existential anxiety. Conclusion: Specific action plans should be developed for teachers and students. In addition, educational policies and teacher training programs should take the gender perspective into account when studying and planning a resilient educational system.
Introducción: Nuestro estudio compara el impacto emocional, entre profesores y estudiantes, durante el primer mes de cuarentena en España debido a la COVID-19, centrándonos en la ansiedad generalizada, emociones y percepción de amenaza. Método: Se aplicó un diseño no experimental, donde participaron 452 personas (profesores = 188, estudiantes adultos jóvenes = 264). Se realizaron análisis de correlación, diseños entre-grupos y tamaño del efecto. Resultados: Los resultados indican que durante crisis o emergencias como la COVID-19, los profesores y estudiantes tienen diferentes reacciones emocionales. Los estudiantes mostraron mayores síntomas de ansiedad generalizada, más emociones negativas y menos emociones positivas. Los profesores mostraron tener un alto grado de ansiedad existencial. Conclusión: Planes de acción específica deberían desarrollarse por separado para profesores y estudiantes. Además, las políticas educativas y los programas de formación de profesorado, deberían tener una perspectiva de género al estudiar y planificar un sistema educativo resiliente.
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Digital gaming addiction has become a growing concern among adolescents, with potential gender differences in prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. The aims of the study to provide an outcome of existing tools on digital gaming addiction among adolescents, focusing specifically on gender differences. By examining key tools, the study explores the prevalence of gaming addiction among male and female adolescents, gender-related risk factors, and the differential impact of gaming addiction on various domains of well-being. The findings highlight the importance of considering gender-specific factors in understanding and addressing digital gaming addiction among adolescents.
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Abstract This study analyzed the prevalence of lectures involving esthetics in the scientific program of Brazilian dental conferences and the gender distribution of speakers. All lectures presented in three dental conferences (Bahia, São Paulo, and Goiás states) held from 2016 to 2020 were evaluated. Three investigators individually divided the lectures according to the specialties recognized by the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry (FCD) based on their titles. The lectures were also classified as involving or not esthetics, and the speaker`s gender was recorded. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, and Chi-square tests assessed possible associations between factors. The words most cited in the titles of the lectures were "esthetic" (13.6%), "dentistry" (9.9%), and "treatment" (8.1%). Oral diseases were barely mentioned in the titles (up to 1.3%). The highest number of lectures was observed for the specialty of Restorative Dentistry (22.3%), followed by Prosthodontics (18.5%). Approximately one-third of lectures involved some aesthetic aspect, but this percentage ranged from 71.9 to 78.6% for the two specialties with more lectures. Regarding the speaker`s gender, the inequity was higher for lectures involving esthetics (81.6% of males) than for topics unrelated to esthetics (66.7%). More male speakers than females were observed for all specialties. The highest gender gap was observed for Pediatric Dentistry with 62.4% male speakers, although only 10.6% of FCD registered specialists were men. In conclusion, the Brazilian dental conferences analyzed seemed to favor offering lectures dealing with esthetic topics and male speakers.
Resumo Este estudo analisou a prevalência de palestras envolvendo estética na programação científica de congressos de Odontologia brasileiros, e a distribuição do gênero dos palestrantes. Todas as palestras apresentadas em três congressos de Odontologia (CIOBA, CIOGO, and CIOSP) entre 2016 e 2020 foram avaliadas. Três avaliadores utilizaram os títulos das palestras para dividi-las entre as especialidades reconhecidas pelo Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO) do Brasil. As palestras foram também classificadas como envolvendo ou não estética, e o gênero do palestrante foi registrado. Análises estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas, e testes de Qui-quadrado avaliaram possíveis interações entre fatores. A palavra mais citada nos títulos das palestras foi "estética" (13,6%), seguido por "odontologia" (9,9%) e "tratamento" (8,1%). Doenças orais foram raramente mencionadas nos títulos (até 1,3%). O maior número de palestras foi observado para a especialidade de Dentística (22,3%), seguido por Prótese Dental (18,3%). Aproximadamente um terço das palestras envolviam algum aspecto estético, com porcentagens entre 71,9 a 78,6% para as duas especialidades com mais palestras. Em relação ao gênero do palestrante, a inequidade foi maior para palestras envolvendo estética (81,6% de homens) que para tópicos não relacionadas à estética (66,7%). Mais palestrantes do sexo masculino que feminino foram observados para todas as especialidades. A maior discrepância entre os gêneros foi observada para Odontopediatria, uma especialidade com 62,4% dos palestrantes do sexo masculino, embora apenas 10,6% dos especialistas registrados no CFO eram homens. Como conclusão, os congressos de Odontologia Brasileiros parecem preferir palestras abordando tópicos de estética e palestrantes do sexo masculino.
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ObjectiveUltra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS） was used to identify the metabolites of limonin in rats， and to explore the gender differences in the distribution of prototype components and metabolites in rats after single dose intragastric administration of limonin， as well as to speculate the metabolic pathways. MethodThe separation was performed on a Thermo Scientific Accucore™ C18 column（3 mm×100 mm， 2.6 μm） with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（A）-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution（B） as mobile phase in a gradient elution mode（0-1 min， 5%B； 1-6 min， 5%-20%B； 6-18 min， 20%-50%B； 18-23 min， 50%-80%B； 23-25 min， 80%-95%B； 25-30 min， 95%B） at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1 and a column temperature of 30 ℃. MS data of biological samples were collected under the positive ion mode of electrospray ionization（ESI） and in the scanning range of m/z 100-1 500. Plasma， tissues（heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidney， stomach and small intestine）， urine and fecal samples were collected and prepared after intragastric administration， and the prototype component and metabolites of limonin were identified. ResultThe prototype component of limonin were detected in the feces， stomach， small intestine of female and male rats， and in the heart， liver， spleen， lung and kidney tissues of female rats. A total of 23 metabolites related to limonin were detected in rats， of which 2， 1， 5， 4， 23 metabolites were detected in liver， stomach， small intestine， urine and feces， respectively， and the main metabolic pathways were hydrolysis， reduction， hydroxylation and methylation， etc. The distribution of some metabolites differed between male and female rats. ConclusionThe prototype component of limonin are mainly distributed in the stomach and small intestine in rats， and the distribution of prototype component and some metabolites are different by gender. Limonin is mainly excreted through feces with phase Ⅰ metabolites as the main ones. The results of this study can provide a reference for further elucidation of the effect of gender differences on the metabolism of limonin in vivo and its mechanism of action.
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Este estudio busca describir elementos de masculinidad y feminidad relacionados en el ingreso y el accionar en una actividad delictiva de alto impacto: el tráfico de drogas. Respetando una metodología cualitativa, se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada a un grupo de personas que se dedicaron al tráfico de drogas en el estado de Sonora, México, dos mujeres y siete hombres, para explorar elementos de feminidad y masculinidad relacionados con el ingreso al tráfico de drogas en cuatro dimensiones: poder, economía, estética y cuerpo. Se muestra que los analizados buscan en el tráfico cumplir con modelos impuestos socialmente en función de su género; existen también diferenciaciones que sugieren una revalorización en sus maneras de ejercer el poder, sus metas económicas y el uso del cuerpo para obtener cuotas de poder.
This study seeks to describe elements of masculinity and femininity related to entering and acting in a high-impact criminal activity: drug trafficking. Following a qualitative methodology, a semi-structured interview was used with a group of people involved in drug trafficking in the state of Sonora, Mexico, two women and seven men, to explore elements of femininity and masculinity related to entering drug tra-fficking in four dimensions: power, economy, aesthetics and body. It is shown that those analyzed seek in trafficking to comply with socially imposed models based on their gender; there are also differentiations that suggest a revaluation in their ways of exercising power, their economic goals and the use of the body to obtain power quotas.
Este estudo procura descrever elementos de masculinidade e feminilidade relacionados à entrada e operação em uma atividade criminosa de alto impacto: o tráfico de drogas. Seguindo uma metodologia qualitativa, foi utilizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada com um grupo de pessoas envolvidas no tráfico de drogas no estado de Sonora, México, duas mulheres e sete homens, para explorar elementos de feminilidade e masculinidade relacionados ao ingresso no tráfico de drogas em quatro dimensões: poder, economia, estética e corpo. Mostra-se que os analisados procuram no tráfico cumprir modelos socialmente impostos com base em seu gênero; há também diferenciações que sugerem uma revalorização em suas formas de exercer o poder, seus objetivos econômicos e o uso do órgão para obter cotas de poder.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Femininity , Masculinity , Criminals , Drug Trafficking , Crime , MexicoABSTRACT
Abstract: Social support from family and friends is recognized as an important social determinant of health, given its protective effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being. While most studies have focused on older adults, investigating midlife health is equally crucial since middle-aged individuals are also susceptible to the harmful health outcomes of inadequate social support from friends and family. This study contributes to the debate by examining whether social support is associated with self-rated health among middle-aged Brazilian adults and how this relationship varies between men and women. Using data from the nationwide Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, logistic regression models were employed to assess differences in self-rated health, accounting for confounding factors. The sample comprised 31,926 middle-aged adults, of which 52.5% were women. The overall prevalence of poor self-rated health was 40.7%, with a significant difference between men and women. Results from this study suggest that having no friends or family members to rely on, both during good and challenging times, was associated with poorer self-rated health. However, the strength of this association differs by gender, with social support from friends playing a more critical role in women's self-rated health. On the other hand, family support was associated with male self-rated health, particularly for men with three or more family members they can rely on. Future studies should consider cultural and contextual factors to better understand other dimensions of social support and its association with midlife health.
Resumo: O suporte social de familiares e amigos é reconhecido como um importante determinante social da saúde com base em seus efeitos protetores sobre o bem-estar físico e mental dos indivíduos. Embora a maioria das pesquisas tenha se concentrado em adultos mais velhos, investigar a saúde na meia-idade é igualmente crucial, já que estes indivíduos também são suscetíveis aos resultados prejudiciais à saúde decorrentes do suporte social inadequado de amigos e familiares. Este estudo contribui para o debate ao examinar se o suporte social está associado à autoavaliação da saúde entre adultos brasileiros de meia-idade e como essa relação varia entre homens e mulheres. Usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2019, modelos de regressão logística foram empregados para avaliar diferenças na autoavaliação da saúde, contabilizando fatores de confusão. A amostra foi composta por 31.926 adultos de meia-idade, dos quais 52,5% eram mulheres. A prevalência geral de autoavaliação de saúde ruim foi de 40,7%, com diferença significativa entre homens e mulheres. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que não ter amigos ou familiares com quem contar em momentos bons ou desafiadores esteve associado à pior autopercepção de saúde. No entanto, a força dessa associação difere de acordo com o gênero, sendo que o suporte social de amigos desempenha um papel mais importante na autoavaliação da saúde das mulheres do que na dos homens. Por outro lado, o apoio familiar esteve associado à autoavaliação da saúde masculina, particularmente para homens com três ou mais membros da família com quem podem contar. Estudos futuros devem considerar fatores culturais e contextuais para compreender melhor outras dimensões do suporte social e sua associação com a saúde na meia-idade.
Resumen: El apoyo social de la familia y de amigos se reconoce como un importante determinante social de salud basado en sus efectos protectores sobre el bienestar físico y mental de los individuos. Aunque la mayoría de las investigaciones se ha centrado en adultos mayores, investigar la salud en la mediana edad también es esencial, una vez que estos individuos también son susceptibles a los resultados perjudiciales para la salud resultantes de un apoyo social inadecuado de amigos e de la familia. Este estudio contribuye al debate al investigar si el apoyo social está asociado con la autoevaluación de salud entre adultos brasileños de mediana edad y cómo esa relación varía entre hombre y mujeres. Usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud realizada en 2019, se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para evaluar diferencias en la autoevaluación de salud, contabilizando factores de confusión. La muestra se compuso de 31.926 adultos de mediana edad, de los cuales el 52,5% eran mujeres. La prevalencia general de autoevaluación de mala salud fue del 40,7%, con diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que no tener amigos o familiares en los que confiar en buenos o malos momentos se asoció con la peor autopercepción de salud. Sin embargo, la fuerza de esa asociación es diferente según el género, ya que el apoyo social de amigos es más importante en la autoevaluación de salud de las mujeres que en la autoevaluación de los hombres. Por otro lado, el apoyo familiar se asoció con la autoevaluación de la salud masculina, particularmente para hombres que tenían tres o más personas de la familia en los que confiar. Estudios futuros deben tener en cuenta factores culturales y contextuales para mejor comprender otras dimensiones del apoyo social y su asociación con la salud en la mediana edad.
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Medication during pregnancy is widespread, but there are few reports on its fetal safety. Recent studies suggest that medication during pregnancy can affect fetal morphological and functional development through multiple pathways, multiple organs, and multiple targets. Its mechanisms involve direct ways such as oxidative stress, epigenetic modification, and metabolic activation, and it may also be indirectly caused by placental dysfunction. Further studies have found that medication during pregnancy may also indirectly lead to multi-organ developmental programming, functional homeostasis changes, and susceptibility to related diseases in offspring by inducing fetal intrauterine exposure to too high or too low levels of maternal-derived glucocorticoids. The organ developmental toxicity and programming alterations caused by medication during pregnancy may also have gender differences and multi-generational genetic effects mediated by abnormal epigenetic modification. Combined with the latest research results of our laboratory, this paper reviews the latest research progress on the developmental toxicity and functional programming alterations of multiple organs in offspring induced by medication during pregnancy, which can provide a theoretical and experimental basis for rational medication during pregnancy and effective prevention and treatment of drug-related multiple fetal-originated diseases.
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Resumen (analítico) La corresponsabilidad de los hombres en el trabajo de cuidados es una temática relevante en los estudios feministas y de masculinidades, pues una paternidad activa contribuye a la igualdad de género. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las representaciones sobre la paternidad entre estudiantes universitarias/os. La metodología fue cualitativa, con entrevistas semiestructuradas a nueve hombres y nueve mujeres de diferentes carreras. Entre los principales resultados están que la paternidad aún se encuentra en un proceso de cambio sociocultural de representaciones relacionadas con la reproducción y el vínculo con las/os hijas/os. Permanecen representaciones que relevan la proveeduría económica mixturándose con la creciente demanda de cercanía emocional; y la trascendencia al procrear se combina con cuestionamientos sobre la paternidad como eje de la identidad masculina y del proyecto de vida de hombres.
Abstract (analytical) Men's coresponsibility in the area of childcare is an important issue in both feminist studies and studies of masculinity as active paternity contributes to gender equality. The objective of this study was to describe representations of paternity among university students. The methodology was qualitative, with semistructured interviews of 9 male and 9 female students from different degrees. One of the main findings was that representations of paternity are still undergoing a process of sociocultural change related to views of reproduction and the formation of bonds with children. Representations still persist that focus on the provision of economic support mixed with the growing demand for emotional closeness. The significance of procreation is combined with questioning as to whether paternity should be seen as a fundamental component of masculine identity and men's life projects.
Resumo (analítico) A corresponsabilização do homem no trabalho do cuidado é uma questão relevante nos estudos feministas e de masculinidade, uma vez que a paternidade ativa contribui para a igualdade de gênero. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as representações sobre a paternidade entre estudantes universitários. A metodologia foi qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas com 9 homens e 9 mulheres de diferentes carreiras. Entre os principais resultados estão que a paternidade ainda está em processo de mudança sociocultural das representações relacionadas à reprodução e ao vínculo com os filhos. Permanecem representações que revelam a oferta econômica mesclada com a crescente demanda por proximidade emocional; e a transcendência da procriação se alia às questões sobre a paternidade como eixo da identidade masculina e do projeto de vida dos homens.
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether progression from first drug use to crack-cocaine use differs according to gender, and whether the report of sexual or physical violence impacts the time of progression. Methods: We interviewed 896 crack-cocaine users (548 men; 348 women) from addiction treatment units. Cox regression models evaluated the time of progression from first drug use to crack use. We analyzed gender differences according to the absence or presence of sexual or physical violence, also considering whether violence, when present, had occurred before or after the onset of crack use. Results: Women presented a faster progression to crack use regardless of exposure to sexual or physical violence (p < 0.05). Compared to unexposed men, there was a similar progression for men exposed to sexual or physical violence before the first use of crack (p = 0.167 and p = 0.393, respectively). In both genders, we observed a faster progression among individuals exposed to these types of violence after the onset of crack use (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We found a faster progression to crack use among women and among individuals exposed to sexual and physical violence after the onset of crack use. These results encourage differentiated treatment strategies, focused on gender and individual characteristics.
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Resumen El artículo se encarga de mostrar que los trabajos experimentales que tienen por objeto examinar principios de justicia distributiva en niños pueden ser leídos desde su relación con la variable demográfica género. Al efectuar esta lectura crítica desde una revisión temática se hace posible observar que los estudios, en términos generales, muestran hallazgos en tres direcciones: inexistencia de diferencias de género; diferencias no significativas y diferencias significativas. Estos resultados, sin embargo, se hallan directamente relacionados tanto con las edades de los participantes como con especificidades metodológicas de la experimentación. Con el objeto de dar cuenta de estos aspectos, el texto se ha dividido en tres partes: estudios de primera persona, trabajos de tercera persona y comparaciones culturales.
Abstract The article shows that experimental studies that aim to examine principles of distributive justice in children can be read from their relationship with the demographic variable gender. By making this critical reading from a thematic review, it is possible to observe that the studies, in general terms, show findings in three directions: no gender differences; non-significant differences; and significant differences. These results, however, are directly related both to participants' age and methodological specificities of the experimentation. In order to account for these aspects, the text is divided into three parts: first-person studies, third-person work, and cultural comparisons.
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El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la violencia estructural en la que se desarrollan las conductas disruptivas enfatizando el contexto en el que se genera el aprendizaje social de las mismas, la forma en que se construye la sociedad favoreciendo el ejercicio y prácticas de violencia que afectan a la mujer y a las personas que se desenvuelven en México. Método: 489 personas contestaron la Escala de Conductas Disruptivas en adultos; 21 de las mujeres que alguna vez fueron detenidas. Resultados: se encontró un tamaño del efecto alto en conductas disruptivas en aquellas personas que se juntaron con pandillas, el doble de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en hombres en contraste con mujeres, así como mayores conductas disruptivas en quienes consumen sustancias ilegales o alcohol, también, el consumo de drogas y alcohol, así como la violencia vivida en la infancia presentan diferencias significativas en mujeres que han sido detenidas y aquellas que no. Discusión: los modelos de socialización, la violencia directa y estructural y la cultura de la violencia aterrizada en el contexto social mexicano generan que tanto hombres como mujeres delincan; la generación de políticas públicas y el desafío a los roles de género tradicionales pueden ser elementos protectores.
The objective of this research was to describe the structural violence in which disruptive behaviors are developed, emphasizing the context in which the social learning of these behaviors is generated, the way in which society is constructed favoring the exercise and practices of violence that affect women and people in Mexico. Method: 489 people answered the Scale of Disruptive Behavior in Adults; 21 of the women who had ever been arrested. Results: we found a high effect size in disruptive behaviors in those who joined gangs, twice the consumption of psychoactive substances in men in contrast to women, as well as greater disruptive behaviors in those who consume illegal substances or alcohol, also, the consumption of drugs and alcohol, as well as violence experienced in childhood show significant differences in women who have been arrested and those who have not. Discussion: socialization models, direct and structural violence and the culture of violence in the Mexican social context cause both men and women to commit crimes; the generation of public policies and the challenge to traditional gender roles may be protective elements.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever a violência estrutural na qual os comportamentos perturbadores são desenvolvidos, enfatizando o contexto no qual o aprendizado social destes comportamentos é gerado, a forma como a sociedade é construída favorecendo o exercício e as práticas de violência que afetam as mulheres e as pessoas no México. Método: 489 pessoas responderam à Escala de Comportamentos Perturbadores em Adultos; 21 das mulheres já haviam sido presas. Resultados: encontramos um tamanho de efeito elevado para comportamentos perturbadores naqueles que aderiram a gangues, o dobro do uso de substâncias psicoativas em homens do que em mulheres, assim como comportamentos mais perturbadores naqueles que usam substâncias ilegais ou álcool, também, o uso de drogas e álcool, assim como a violência experimentada na infância mostram diferenças significativas nas mulheres que foram presas e naquelas que não o foram. Discussão: modelos de socialização, violência direta e estrutural e a cultura da violência no contexto social mexicano levam homens e mulheres a cometer crimes; a geração de políticas públicas e o desafio aos papéis tradicionais de gênero podem ser elementos protetores.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Violence Against Women , Violence , Women , MexicoABSTRACT
Este artículo se centra en la letra de la canción popular titulada "Baracunátana" para describir y analizar la cultura machista en las relaciones de género. La historia narrada en la canción, con su entramado machista, a un nivel microsocial, es el punto de partida de una exploración sobre los conflictos de género. A continuación, el artículo examina las consecuencias macrosociales de la cultura machista y, en especial, su influencia en la violencia de género. Esas problemáticas, micro y macro, son las bases para emprender una revisión crítica de las principales políticas y acciones de control penal desarrolladas para combatir la violencia en las relaciones de género en el sistema jurídico colombiano. Como resultado, se identifican varios nodos críticos que neutralizan e impiden un manejo adecuado de este tipo ascendente de violencia. Esto permite demostrar que las políticas en materia penal han derivado, con preocupante ineficacia, pese al sensacionalismo y la algarabía política que hacen, en un inoficioso populismo penal. En contraposición, el artículo propone dar prioridad al desarrollo de políticas sociales contra el machismo, cuyo objetivo sería afectar las disposiciones de poder, porque el problema de Baracunátana no es de amor, ni de celos, es una cuestión de poder.
This article focuses on the lyrics of the popular song "Baracunátana" to describe and analyze the machista culture in gender relations. The story narrated in the song, with its machista framework, at a micro-social level, is the starting point for an exploration of gender conflicts. The article then examines the macro-social consequences of macho culture and, in particular, its influence on gender violence. These micro and macro issues are the basis for a critical review of the main policies and criminal control actions developed to combat violence in gender relations in the Colombian legal system. As a result, several critical nodes are identified that neutralize and impede an adequate management of this ascending type of violence. This allows demonstrating that criminal policies have derived, with worrying ineffectiveness, despite the sensationalism and political hullabaloo they make, in an ineffective criminal populism. In contrast, the article proposes to give priority to the development of social policies against machismo, whose objective would be to affect the dispositions of power, because the problem of Baracunátana is not one of love or jealousy, it is a question of power.
Este artigo enfoca a letra da canção popular "Baracunátana" para descrever e analisar a cultura machista nas relações de gênero. A história contada na canção, com sua estrutura machista, em nível micro-social, é o ponto de partida para uma exploração dos conflitos de gênero. O artigo examina então as conseqüências macro-sociais da cultura machista e, em particular, sua influência sobre a violência baseada no gênero. Essas questões micro e macro são a base para uma revisão crítica das principais políticas e ações de controle penal desenvolvidas para combater a violência nas relações de gênero no sistema jurídico colombiano. Como resultado, são identificados vários nós críticos que neutralizam e impedem uma gestão adequada deste tipo de violência. Isto torna possível demonstrar que as políticas de justiça criminal se tornaram, com preocupante ineficácia, apesar do sensacionalismo e do alarido político que geram, um populismo criminoso ineficaz. Em contraste, o artigo propõe dar prioridade ao desenvolvimento de políticas sociais contra o machismo, cujo objetivo seria afetar as disposições de poder, pois o problema de Baracunátana não é de amor ou ciúme, é uma questão de poder.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sexism , Androcentrism , Violence , Gender-Based Violence , JurisprudenceABSTRACT
The elevated gradient of aversion (EGA) is an apparatus for investigating the exploratory behavior of rats in 3-min sessions, consisting of three different sections of the same size: tunnel, closed arm, and open arm. Factorial analyses have defined three factors: exploration, impulsivity, and self-protection. In general, male rats are placed in the tunnel end and tend to hesitate leaving this starting point. Then, they hesitate leaving the tunnel and entering the closed arm, which they explore and tend to avoid entering the open arm or even just stick their head in and not enter it at all. Since females were not used for this test and are reported to be more explorative than male rats, the present work aimed to compare the behavior of male and female rats in the EGA. Thirty male and 34 female Wistar rats were submitted to 3-min sessions in the EGA. In general, results indicated that females were different from males: they explored more (Factor 1 - Exploration), are more impulsive (Factor 2 - Impulsivity), and are less anxious/fearful (Factor 3 - Self-protection). These results confirmed the results of other studies obtained with other apparatuses and show that females exhibit higher locomotion than males and are less anxious/fearful.
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@#Introduction: Traditionally, feet are classified as high, normal or low arched. Studies on flat foot (pes planus) have been conducted in different ethnic groups in Nigeria but none has been conducted among young Ika adults. This study is therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of flat foot using plantar arch index among young adults of Ika. Methods: A total of 384 subjects comprising 199 females and 185 males aged 18-37 years participated in the study. Foot prints of subjects were obtained using the simple ink and duplicating paper method. The Plantar Arch Index was calculated by dividing the foot prints in three equidistant regions excluding the toes. The index value was the ratio between the area of the mid foot and the total area of the foot print. Descriptive statistics for each variable included mean and standard deviation while statistical tools included independent sample t-tests and paired samples test respectively. Results: After data analyses, the total prevalence of flat foot was 8.6% while a total of 24(6.3%) males had flat foot on their right foot while 16(4.2%) had on their left. However, 14(3.6%) and 12(3.1%) females had flat foot on their right and left foot sides respectively. The prevalence of Pes planus was significantly higher among males (P< 0.05) than their female counterparts on both foot sides. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference between flat and normal foot on both foot sides while the difference between flat foot of the right side and that of the left was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Being the first of its kind in Ika, this study is therefore important to the Orthopaedist and Podiatrist in Nigeria for diagnosis and treatment choices of foot deformities amongst young adults of Ika.
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OBJECTIVE@#Complementary and alternative medicine use and type of use may be influenced by sociodemographic and economic determinants through which we could identify characteristics of patients with greater trend to use it. This paper aims to describe the changes in the consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain for three time points in order to discern changes in rate of consumption, associated factors and whether their use has been affected by a period of economic recession.@*METHODS@#This study utilized 2006, 2011 and 2017 cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged more than 15 years old and resident in Spain. Independent bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses for each of the 3 years studied were performed.@*RESULTS@#The rate of consumption of both homeopathic and natural remedies has decreased over the periods studied. In spite of this decrease, the consumer profile appears to remain stable over the three periods. The sociodemographic factors associated with their consumption were being female, being 30-64 years old, being separated/divorced, having higher education qualifications, being employed and belonging to a higher social class. Psychiatric morbidity, chronic health problems such as pain, mental health problems or malignant tumors, and absence of major cardiovascular events were the clinical factors associated.@*CONCLUSION@#It can be concluded that beyond the economic situation, the use of homeopathic and natural remedies obeys to the needs of the patients related to their state of health and the response they receive from the health system. It may be that women have different needs and expectations of the healthcare system and, given this breach of expectations, seek remedy to alleviate their needs outside the system and conventional medicine.
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Homeopathy , Sociodemographic Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , SpainABSTRACT
Background: Several studies have pointed out the relationship between gender and personality in its various facets. The current study investigates if the personality traits of a person is associated with their gender. The rationale of the study is to understand what impact gender has on one’s personality. Methodology: A standardised survey was distributed to a sample of adolescents belonging to the age group of 16-21 years from Mumbai. Each person completed a different measure on the Big Five Personality traits. Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. The sample comprises of 50 men and 50 women each from the age group of 16-21 years. Results: Women scored comparatively higher on all the three scales which denotes women are more open to new experiences and new ideas, they are most likely to put others’ needs ahead of their own and cooperate rather than compete with each other. They experience negative emotions like fear, anxiety, guilt and shame intensely. Whereas men on the other hand are practical, conventional and focus on the concrete, they tend to avoid the unknown and follow traditional ways. They experience less empathy and are described as hostile, competitive and antagonists. Conclusion: Further studies on gender and personality are needed to elucidate the findings of the current study
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Introducción: Las desigualdades relacionadas con el género se expresan en los adolescentes a partir de la influencia que ejercen los patrones sociales junto a las diferencias biológicas de cada sexo. Objetivo: Identificar las desigualdades de género presentes en los adolescentes de 14 a 19 años y las desigualdades de género que son necesarias y posibles de disminuir. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en el Área de Salud Federico Capdevila, municipio Boyeros en el 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por 2667 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años. Se seleccionó una muestra de 149 adolescentes de cada sexo mediante un diseño por conglomerados, a la que se le aplicó una entrevista para la recogida de información que se resumió en números y porcientos. Las diferencias entre los sexos se constataron a partir de las pruebas de hipótesis de homogeneidad y comparación de dos proporciones con una significación de 0,05 y el índice de paridad de género. Para identificar las que eran modificables e importantes se aplicó una técnica de priorización que se complementó con preguntas abiertas. Resultados: Los aspectos de vida que más aportaron diferencias de género fueron los estilos de vida, actividades diarias que se realizan en el hogar, educación sexual y características propias de la personalidad. La realización de las tareas del hogar fue el aspecto de la vida que era modificable. Conclusiones: Los jóvenes reproducen modos de actuación no saludables que son susceptibles de modificación con acciones de salud que conlleven la participación comunitaria(AU)
Introduction: Gender-related inequalities are expressed in adolescents upon the base of the influence exerted by social patterns together with the biological differences of each sex. Objective: To identify the gender inequalities present in adolescents between fourteen and nineteen years of age, as well as those necessary and possible to be reduced. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in Federico Capdevila health area, Boyeros Municipality, in 2018. The universe consisted of 2667 adolescents aged 14-19 years. A sample of 149 adolescents of each sex was selected through cluster design, to which an interview was applied in order to collect information that was summarized in numbers and percentages. The differences between the sexes were verified through the Homogeneity and Comparison of Two Proportions hypothesis tests, with a significance of 0.05, and the Gender Parity Index. To identify those modifiable and significant, a prioritization technique was applied, complemented with open questions. Results: The aspects of life that contributed the most gender differences were life styles, daily activities carried out at home, sexual education and personality traits. Carrying out household chores was the aspect of life that was modifiable. Conclusions: Young people reproduce unhealthy ways of acting that are susceptible to modification with health actions that involve community participation(AU)
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Humans , Animals , Male , Adolescent , Sex Characteristics , Psychology, Adolescent , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
(AU)A Psicologia tem buscado compreender como ocorrem os processos de interesse e percepção sexual, contudo essa área ainda carece de estudos. Buscando compreender o estado da arte da área dos erros de percepção sexual, esta pesquisa realizou uma revisão integrativa da literatura utilizando o termo "sexual misperception" obtido do APA Thesaurus. Foram pesquisadas as bases PsycNet, Pubmed, Web of Science™, Lilacs, Wiley e Sage Journals. Foram obtidos, ao final dos processos de inclusão e exclusão, 19 artigos. Foi observada uma concentração das pesquisas nos Estados Unidos, com foco nas diferenças de gênero na percepção sexual. Outras variáveis investigadas estavam relacionadas ao consumo de álcool e comportamentos violentos. Os resultados apontam para poucas pesquisas realizadas nos contextos concretos e com elevada utilização de amostras WEIRD (ocidentais, com alto grau de alto escolaridade, de sociedades industrializadas, ricas e democráticas), as quais devem inspirar estudos em outras realidades. (AU)
Psychology tries to understand how the processes of sexual interest and perception occur however this area still needs further investigation. Focusing on understanding the state of the art in the field of sexual perception errors, we carried out a systematic review of the literature using the term sexual misperception obtained from the APA Thesaurus. We reviewed the following databases; PsycNET, PubMed, Web of Science, Lilacs, Wiley, and Sage Journals. After the inclusion and exclusion processes, we obtained 19 articles. Most studies were performed in the United States, with a focus on gender differences in sexual perception. Other variables investigated were alcohol consumption and violent behavior. We identified a small number of studies carried out in real contexts, using exclusively WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) samples, which should inspire studies in other realities. (AU)
La psicología ha buscado comprender cómo ocurren los procesos de interés y percepción sexual, sin embargo, esta área aún carece de estudios. Buscando comprender el estado del arte en el campo de los errores de percepción sexual, esta investigación llevó a cabo una revisión integradora de la literatura, utilizando el término sexual misperception obtenido del APA Thesauros. Se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos: PsycNet, Pubmed, Web of Science ™, Lilacs, Wiley y Sage Journals. Al finalizar los procesos de inclusión y exclusión, se obtuvieron 19 artículos. Se observó una concentración de investigación en los Estados Unidos con enfoque en las diferencias de género en la percepción sexual. Otras variables investigadas fueron el consumo de alcohol y el comportamiento violento. Se identificó un pequeño número de investigaciones realizadas en contextos reales y con alto uso de muestras WEIRD (occidentales, con alto grado de educación, sociedades industrializadas, ricas y democráticas), que deberían inspirar estudios en otras realidades. (AU)
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Perceptual Distortion , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Sex Offenses/psychology , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Sex Characteristics , Periodicals as Topic , Sex Factors , Databases, Bibliographic , IndividualityABSTRACT
Background: The topic of dark personality traits and the emotional construct of schadenfreude have attained the spotlight over the last decade and gained popularity in terms of understanding their characteristics, behaviours and mindset. Sexual fantasies have also garnered relating interest, and a bridge between these constructs hypothetically began to take form. Methodology: In line with prior research and ideations, this study aimed to establish a meaningful and strong correlation between the constructs of the Dark Tetrad personality traits, schadenfreude and the types of sexual fantasies, while also finding significant predictors of sexual fantasies. It also attempts to add to the lack of literature on gender differentiations between such dark traits and fantasies and put an evolutionary outlook in the same. Results: The data was obtained from 124 young adults (Females = 64, Males = 60) using standardised measures of The Short Dark Triad Scale, The Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, The Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire, and 3 scenarios to assess Schadenfreude. Conclusion: The study provides a major insight into how dark personality traits, emotions and fantasies manifest in subclinical populations with accounted gender differentiation, and puts forth a case of the vastness and depth of the dark tetrad and schadenfreude, accounting for their influential roles in manifesting specific sexual fantasies.
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Abstract Introduction Emotion regulation refers to use of strategies to change or suppress a response to an affective experience and is an important component of an individual's subjective wellbeing. Difficulties properly regulating emotions are related to psychopathological processes. Objective This study assessed the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); the invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender; and its convergent validity with other scales measuring affective processes. Method A total of 813 adults (73.7% women), aged between 18 and 64 years and with a high educational level used an electronic platform to complete the ERQ, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Affect Scale (AS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the adapted version of the ERQ were investigated. Results Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) revealed adequate goodness of fit for the ERQ's two-factor model (cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression), providing evidence of invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender. Correlations between the ERQ's factors and measures of affect and emotional dysregulation presented positive indicators, with significant associations between emotion regulation and affective experiences depending on gender. Conclusion The ERQ presents good psychometric indicators for use with the Brazilian population.